Pimsleur Japanese. Pimsleur Japanese is a renowned language course with a focus on getting you speaking Japanese fast! The course is audio-only. Each lesson is a 30 minute audio recording that gets you listening, repeating and taking part in Japanese conversations. This app is excellent for people who want to learn Japanese by audio …Learn Japanese on your own time with these free apps that cover various topics, skills and preferences. Compare features, pros and cons of Duolingo, LingoDeer, Mondly, WingsApp and more.LingoDeer: the best overall Japanese learning app. Busuu: Japanese learning app for sociable learners. Duolingo: the most popular Japanese learning app. Drops: immerse yourself in Japanese vocabulary. …Jan 21, 2021 · The final app on our list is one that pairs best with one of the other language-learning apps here. Simply Learn Japanese is a kanji and hiragana phrasebook that you can refer to while learning ... Jan 22, 2021 ... Rosetta Stone (Japanese) · Rosetta Stone is the original name in computer-based language learning, and you can use their app on both desktop and ...Learning a new language can be a challenging yet rewarding journey. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to improve your English skills, using a language learning app can be a conv... APP TYPE: Spaced Reptition System/Spaced Repetition Sofware. PRICE: $24.99. When you mention the term Spaced Repetition System, Spaced Repetition Software, or SRS, especially when it comes to learning Japanese - Anki ALWAYS comes up. It's like the original gangster of SRS systems. A+ app, can learn multiple languages for a reasonable price, much less than what language centers charge ... LingoDeer Family. LingoDeer. Learn Japanese, Korean, Mandarin and more with LingoDeer. Focus on the language outside the classroom! Download. LingoDeer Plus. Boost your language skills via interactive …Jan 2, 2024 · Our #1 pick for best overall Japanese app (after reviewing seemingly countless programs), is Rocket Japanese. It is a bit of close call with our second pick, Pimsleur (discussed below), but generally speaking, when comparing all of these different Japanese programs side-by-side, Rocket is just clearly the best. If you need to translate J<->E for some purpose (other than studying) it works reasonably well but as a learning tool it should be avoided. taihw. • 2 yr. ago. And to supplement that, Microsoft Azure's TTS - Possibly the best Japanese (or any language really) text-to-speech app. JakalDX.Oct 10, 2023 · Developed by the same company as 小学生手書き漢字ドリル1006 – はんぷく学習シリーズ, this belongs to the same series and is designed for the junior high school level. If you’re an upper-intermediate or advanced learner, download this app for iOS or Android and enjoy. 6. KanjiQ by Aribada Inc. Kanji App #2: Japanese Kanji Study- 漢字学習 by Chase Colburn. With over 1 million downloads on Android, Japanese Kanji Study is a reliable kanji app that can provide loads of content for eager learners. Unlocking everything for JLPT N4 to N1 levels does require a one-time fee, but it is well worth the price.Lacks kanji and grammar explanations. Length: 700+ lessons at 2 to 4 minutes each. Price: Free, with monthly subscription for extra features. If you need motivation to start studying Japanese, Duolingo is one of the best apps that you can try because it makes language learning feel like a game.Are you interested in learning Spanish, but find it difficult to fit traditional language classes into your busy schedule? Don’t worry. With the advancement of technology, learning...The 12 Best Japanese Dictionary Apps Available for iOS and Android [Updated for 2024] After mastering hiragana and katakana and learning the essentials of Japanese kanji, you’ll need a Japanese dictionary app. . I’m here to help you find some of the most reliable dictionary apps to use inside or outside of Japan.I’ll explain their most …1. You can tailor your learning according to your goals and interests. Engaging and fun - short sharp lessons and gamification to make learning fun and motivating. Augmented reality and Interactive chatbot conversations provide an immersive way to practice your Japanese skills. $4.99 per month.Katakana is slowly introduced throughout the first half of HJ and kanji starts a few chapters from the end of the first app. It is sensibly incorporated into the second. The creators use this feature called Ingredients (trademarked) for sentence breakdown and recordings go into several thousands.The best Japanese dictionary is the one you can always carry with you, so I'm starting this list with a few good Japanese dictionary apps for your smartphone. These are usually what I turn to first, after consulting Jisho. ... 類語 (Japanese Thesaurus) Good for: Learning the differences between similar …Best Japanese Learning Apps - from beginners to advanced levels. Learning Japanese. Translation. Apps. Posted: Monday, June 5, 2023. Whether you are studying at …1. Tae Kim’s Guide to Learning Japanese. 2. Duolingo — Most famous Japanese learning App. 3. JapanesePod 101 — Study through Audios and Videos. 4. LingoDeer — …Japanese Alphabet – Write Me. Tae Kim’s Guide to Learning Japanese. Duolingo. Hiragana Quest. Kana Quiz. Human Japanese. Rosetta Stone. There are many great apps that can help you learn hiragana and katakana (kana). With an app and some daily practice you should be able to get the hang of it in …Write It! Japanese main features at a glance: • Master Japanese writing effortlessly. • Top-notch Japanese language learning app. • Learn Japanese characters with precision. • Perfect your Hiragana through rigorous practice. • Explore the world of Katakana characters. • Begin your journey to learn Hiragana. • Achieve fluency in ...Lifetime. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. Dedicated Lessons. Free 7-Day Trial Sign Up Today Claim Offer. $20/mo. Month-to-Month. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. … HeyJapan - Japanese learning app with all skills: vocabulary, grammar, kanji, listening and speaking. You can learn Japanese from the alphabet (Hiragana, Katakana, Romanji) to N4 within 3 months. The application will focus on regular practice with Japanese conversation lessons interspersed with JLPT exam preparation grammar structures. If you want to learn Japanese fast, then Dr Moku is worth trying out. Devices: iOS and Android. Cost: Free with in-app purchases. 10. Learning Japanese with Tae Kim. (Android, iPhone, iPad) Tae Kim’s Guide to Learning Japanese is one of the best apps for breaking down Japanese vocabulary and grammar.Best for Oral Communication Skills: Pimsleur. Best Spanish Learning App 1-1 Immersion: Baselang. Best App in the Style of a Podcast: SpanishPod101. Best Spanish Learning App Structure: Babbel. Best for Customizing Your Learning Path: Ouino. Best Gamified Spanish Learning App: LingoDeer. READING AND LISTENING.Robokana is a handy tool for those who study Japanese and need to memorize the writing and reading of Kana and Kanjis. It works like an interactive textbook: *See the animation of strokes order and hear the pronunciation. *Draw with a finger right on the screen of your device. *Let the robot to check the work.Oct 9, 2023 · 20 Similar Kanji Examples and How to Tell Them Apart ». Japanese grammar apps are a great way to learn easily and conveniently. No need to put down the phone to pick up grammar skills! These 11 apps for learning Japanese grammar include options such as Human Japanese, Obenkyo, Memrise and more. LEARNING AND REVIEW APPS On iOS, pay the money for AnkiMobile. No, it’s not as full featured as the desktop version but it’s still super customisable and works perfectly well for being your main study/review hub, even with tens of thousands of cards. ... For absolute beginners who don’t want to invest in an expensive textbook I highly ...Here are the best Japanese learning apps for Android! Of course, Duolingo is our first choice for anyone learning Japanese ! We also recommend Google Translate to help …Mondly has short lessons that are fun to complete. It’s perfect for learning the basics of Urdu and some new vocabulary and grammar. Best for Beginners. Price $9.99/month. Free trial 7 days. Try Mondly. Mondly is a popular language app that helps you learn vocabulary and grammar quickly.Lifetime. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. Dedicated Lessons. Free 7-Day Trial Sign Up Today Claim Offer. $20/mo. Month-to-Month. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. …Jsho is a learning program which enables the search of Japanese and English phrases with multiple options and example sentences. It is widely considered the best app to learn Japanese by language teachers as you can switch easily between your language and the target language. In Japanese, you can input words using hiragana, kanji or romaji ... Sticky Study is good on iOS. I study kanji exclusively on my iPhone. I subscribe to wanikani and use the Tsurukame app to do it on my phone. I'm up to almost 1100 kanji learned. You should try wanikani, there is some native ios apps for it. Or if you prefer free apps, Renshuu is a good one. Best for Short Lessons: Busuu. Available for: iOS | Android. Price: Free; subscriptions …Glossika. Glossika was founded in 2016 and revolves around the concept of spaced repetition, which has become practically a requirement in new language learning apps. The app customizes content to your level and uses audio-based lessons to create an immersive environment and help you speak Spanish from the get-go.A Japanese word for “house” is “uchi.” In ancient Japan, there were two types of houses. One was a pit-dwelling house, and the second type of house was built with the floor raised ...Aug 20, 2023 · 1. You can tailor your learning according to your goals and interests. Engaging and fun - short sharp lessons and gamification to make learning fun and motivating. Augmented reality and Interactive chatbot conversations provide an immersive way to practice your Japanese skills. $4.99 per month. In today’s digital age, communication has become faster and more convenient than ever before. One popular app that has revolutionized the way we connect with others is WeChat. Befo...Another popular and free one is LingoDeer. If you are a beginner like me trying to learn the Kanji, I highly recommend Kanji Study. It's the best app for learning Kanji imo. But this app won't be useful to intermediate learners who already learned the 2000+ Kanji characters and are focusing more on the grammar part.Mathematics is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in our everyday lives. Whether you’re a student looking to improve your math skills or an adult trying to brush up on...Feb 29, 2024 · 2. The Flashcard Fiend: Anki. One of the best flashcard apps. Anki allows you to import kanji and vocabulary “decks” from popular textbooks or JLPT lists and then convert them into flashcards. These can range from just a word or kanji to vocabulary placed in sentences to help you understand the context. Overall Best App to Learn Korean: LingoDeer. Rating: 4.8 out of 5 on App Store Key features: 100% native audio; Well-designed curricula; Detailed grammar explanations; Most suitable for: beginner and intermediate Korean learners Price: Free with limited functions, premium starts from $6.66 per month LingoDeer is the most …Write It! Japanese main features at a glance: • Master Japanese writing effortlessly. • Top-notch Japanese language learning app. • Learn Japanese characters with precision. • Perfect your Hiragana through rigorous practice. • Explore the world of Katakana characters. • Begin your journey to learn Hiragana. • Achieve fluency in ...Learn Japanese on your own time with these free apps that cover various topics, skills and preferences. Compare features, pros and cons of Duolingo, LingoDeer, Mondly, WingsApp and more.Price: Free / $9.99 per month. Duolingo is one of the most popular language-learning apps on Google Play. It supports a ton of languages, including Korean. Duolingo takes a simple approach to ...Overall Best App to Learn Korean: LingoDeer. Rating: 4.8 out of 5 on App Store Key features: 100% native audio; Well-designed curricula; Detailed grammar explanations; Most suitable for: beginner and intermediate Korean learners Price: Free with limited functions, premium starts from $6.66 per month LingoDeer is the most …Coto Academy. Japanese learning apps: Top 30 Apps to Learn Japanese in 2023. Japanese Study. May 30, 2023. Looking for the perfect Japanese learning app? Or …A Dictionary of Japanese Grammar. I think it retails for $30, but it's worth it's weight in gold. It is far and away the best grammar resource you can pick up. If you want to pay for 1-1 lessons, in person or online, I recommend apps/websites like Preply, Italki and Verbling.1. You can tailor your learning according to your goals and interests. Engaging and fun - short sharp lessons and gamification to make learning fun and motivating. Augmented reality and Interactive chatbot conversations provide an immersive way to practice your Japanese skills. $4.99 per month.Japanese Kanji Study on Android has a great functionality for that, including the writing piece. A few things you may want to consider as well are: - Trying Anki decks (there are mobile apps for Anki as well) for learning building blocks used by Kanji (not necessarily technically "radicals", although many are that) like this one; and.With this feature, you can learn Japanese anywhere, anytime. • Dark mode: protect the eyes when experiencing in dim light. • KAIWA: Fluent communication with 99+ common conversations. 「Todaii: Easy Japanese」- Best Japanese learning app for better reading and listening skills. Easily learn the Japanese language with …LEARNING AND REVIEW APPS On iOS, pay the money for AnkiMobile. No, it’s not as full featured as the desktop version but it’s still super customisable and works perfectly well for being your main study/review hub, even with tens of thousands of cards. ... For absolute beginners who don’t want to invest in an expensive textbook I highly ... On Bunpo you can: - Master Japanese Alphabets (Hiragana and Katakana). - Learn Japanese grammar from JLPT N5 all the way through N1. - Put your memory to the test by writing, reading and listening Japanese. - Search through the Japanese grammar dictionary. - Enhance your studying with a personalised curriculum powered by spaced repetition ... Aug 20, 2023 · 1. You can tailor your learning according to your goals and interests. Engaging and fun - short sharp lessons and gamification to make learning fun and motivating. Augmented reality and Interactive chatbot conversations provide an immersive way to practice your Japanese skills. $4.99 per month. Aug 5, 2022 · When it comes to serious Japanese learning apps, you must have heard of LingoDeer, the best app for learning Asian languages including Japanese, Korean, etc. With 10m+ learners, LingoDeer Japanese is highly renowned for its systematic curriculum and 100% authentic audio , which aims to comprehensively improve learners’ listening, speaking ... Best language learning app overall. Rosetta Stone. We liked the Rosetta Stone app’s easy-to-use design and logical lesson format. It helped us learn the basics of French rather easily. It's ...If you need to translate J<->E for some purpose (other than studying) it works reasonably well but as a learning tool it should be avoided. taihw. • 2 yr. ago. And to supplement that, Microsoft Azure's TTS - Possibly the best Japanese (or any language really) text-to-speech app. JakalDX.Tae Kims’ guide to learning Japanese. Learning Japanese hasn’t been that easier than learning from Tae Kims learning app. It is easy to understand, and it is as simple as a book. If you’re good at reading books, then you’ll love this one. It is available for both Android as well as iPhone users. You can get to know …Aug 7, 2021 · Here are my top recommendations for those who are looking for Google Chrome extensions for studying Japanese. 1. Rikaikun. Rikaikun is love, rikaikun is life. It’s pretty simple. Rikaikun will tell you the meaning and reading of any Japanese words you hover over with your cursor. The internet is not designed with Japanese-English billingual ... If you need to translate J<->E for some purpose (other than studying) it works reasonably well but as a learning tool it should be avoided. taihw. • 2 yr. ago. And to supplement that, Microsoft Azure's TTS - Possibly the best Japanese (or any language really) text-to-speech app. JakalDX.With this feature, you can learn Japanese anywhere, anytime. • Dark mode: protect the eyes when experiencing in dim light. 「TODAI JAPANESE NEWS」- Best Japanese learning app for better reading and listening skills. * We offer 3 advanced packages with features: - Basic: $ 8.99 / 3 months. - Standard: $ 14.99 / 1 year.Lifetime. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. Dedicated Lessons. Free 7-Day Trial Sign Up Today Claim Offer. $20/mo. Month-to-Month. 45-60 Minutes. Heavy Emphasis. …The application "JLPT Kanji Reading" is an application that allows you to practice reading JLPT level kanji from N5 to N1. In learning Japanese, practicing how to read is far more important than knowing the meaning of hiragana. This is because reading is closely related not only to speaking, but also to listening.Sticky Study is good on iOS. I study kanji exclusively on my iPhone. I subscribe to wanikani and use the Tsurukame app to do it on my phone. I'm up to almost 1100 kanji learned. You should try wanikani, there is some native ios apps …Best for Oral Communication Skills: Pimsleur. Best Spanish Learning App 1-1 Immersion: Baselang. Best App in the Style of a Podcast: SpanishPod101. Best Spanish Learning App Structure: Babbel. Best for Customizing Your Learning Path: Ouino. Best Gamified Spanish Learning App: LingoDeer. READING AND LISTENING.Name: LingoDeer Description: An app that provides a user-friendly introduction to the complex aspects of language learning. Languages offered: Korean, Japanese, English, Chinese, Spanish (Castilian and Latin American), French, German, Thai, Portuguese, Russian, Italian and Vietnamese. Offer price: …Raku pottery is a traditional Japanese art form that dates back centuries. It is known for its unique firing process and distinctive aesthetic. In this article, we will explore the...Feb 19, 2024 · LingoDeer is the best app for learning Japanese. This app offers interactive, bite-sized lessons that cover all essential aspects: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Its gamified approach keeps you engaged, and native speaker recordings ensure accurate pronunciation. LingoDeer excels at explaining grammar clearly and offers spaced ... A guide to the top Japanese apps for learning Japanese language mastery, from full courses to reading and writing tools. Compare the pros and cons of each app, pricing, and features, and get discounts and offers from the author. The 7 Best Apps for Learning Japanese. By Jennifer Saito. Published Aug 4, 2023. Trying to learn Japanese? These mobile apps can help you stay motivated and make …Best Japanese learning app. Catalin Croitoru. Author. Finn Patraic. Reviewer. August 20, 2023. Our expert team of linguists have spent over 70 hours thoroughly testing, …Best for Short Lessons: Busuu. Available for: iOS | Android. Price: Free; subscriptions …Khan Academy is another app offering courses on a range of subjects. It does so in a personal one-on-one style rather than a recorded lecture. The app places a strong emphasis on diagrams and visual aids, relying on a digital drawing board to accommodate other learning styles. While it favors math and science …Oct 10, 2023 · Developed by the same company as 小学生手書き漢字ドリル1006 – はんぷく学習シリーズ, this belongs to the same series and is designed for the junior high school level. If you’re an upper-intermediate or advanced learner, download this app for iOS or Android and enjoy. 6. KanjiQ by Aribada Inc. A Japanese word for “house” is “uchi.” In ancient Japan, there were two types of houses. One was a pit-dwelling house, and the second type of house was built with the floor raised ...There are apps, but from my experience each has its own purposes. For a language like Japanese you need to find apps for different purposes: Kana, Kanji, Vocab, and Grammar. Apps like Duolingo are good for beginners, but if you really want to go deeper you need to use apps for specific cases.iPad. iPhone. Japanese is the ultimate study companion for any Japanese language learner. Japanese is comprehensive, with over 175,000 dictionary entries and 58,000 example sentences, and fits perfectly in your pocket. It comes complete with references, flashcard study tools and all you need to master the Japanese language.Mar 11, 2024 · Bunpo is a fast and easy way to learn Japanese. This Japanese learning app provides grammar explanations and lessons for learners of any levels, from JLPT N5 to JLPT N4, JLPT N3, JLPT N2 and JLPT N1. Get JLPT ready with interactive lessons. The app offers over 1700 example sentences and 8000 Japanese grammar quiz questions. Blended learning has become increasingly popular in educational settings, combining traditional face-to-face instruction with online learning components. As technology continues to...Mar 8, 2022 ... The best app to learn Japanese for advanced learners is Pimsleur. There are plenty of resources on this learn Japanese app for beginner students ...Learn Japanese! - Kanji provides a fast and easy way to learn the Kanji. ... This app is great, but tiny errors are annoying (updated) Updated: please read edit The app is top notch, but little, bugs will annoy. It's still worth it, but beware of trusting it too much. An example I came across today is the kanji 界 which it gives the ...Age: 3 – 12. Price: It is $14.95 per month. Dinolingo is a language-learning app that combines video with Japanese games, stories, and songs to teach kids Japanese. Like Duolingo, Dinolingo gamifies the learning experience, rewarding children by unlocking new dinosaurs and gifting stars if they complete a …Best Japanese Learning Apps - from beginners to advanced levels. Learning Japanese. Translation. Apps. Posted: Monday, June 5, 2023. Whether you are studying at …Aug 7, 2021 · Here are my top recommendations for those who are looking for Google Chrome extensions for studying Japanese. 1. Rikaikun. Rikaikun is love, rikaikun is life. It’s pretty simple. Rikaikun will tell you the meaning and reading of any Japanese words you hover over with your cursor. The internet is not designed with Japanese-English billingual ... Here are the best Japanese Apps for iOS & Android in no particular order. I made sure to include Apps for different uses and skills… so that you’re not playing translation games on App #1, translation …
Best for Kids K-8 : BrainPOP. Sign Up Now. Like Khan Academy, BrainPOP is a one-stop-shop educational app: It has hundreds of animated educational videos, accompanied by interactive quizzes, activities, and games. The topics covered by the app are science, social studies, math, English, arts and …. Hotschedules website
HeyJapan is a Japanese learning app that provides a full range of skills when you study at home: vocabulary, grammar, kanji, listening, and reading. The application is an excellent Japanese learning app to support learning communication and taking the JLPT ... HeyJapan always wants to send you the best Japanese vocabulary …Dr Kids DIY Flash Cards Lite – Japanese. This app is useful for students wanting to learn Japanese vocabularies. The Lite version is FREE and gives users access to four categories of vocabularies (animals, food & drinks, adjectives, actions). Users use flash cards containing cute cartoons to revise new vocabularies, complete with native ...Best language learning app overall. Rosetta Stone. We liked the Rosetta Stone app’s easy-to-use design and logical lesson format. It helped us learn the basics of French rather easily. It's ...Mathematics is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in our everyday lives. Whether you’re a student looking to improve your math skills or an adult trying to brush up on...6. Mondly. Mondly is an app that can teach you up to 41 different languages, including variants, such as British and American English, and the Portuguese spoken in either Portugal or Brazil. It may not be as well known as DuoLingo, but many consider Mondly to be one of the best language learning …Swahili, the official language of Kenya, Tanzania, and several other East African countries, is becoming increasingly popular among language learners. Duolingo is a well-known lang...About this app. This guide was created as a resource for those who want to learn Japanese grammar in a rational, intuitive way that makes sense in Japanese. The explanations are focused on how to make sense of the grammar not from English but from a Japanese point of view. This guide is an attempt to …Oct 23, 2021 ... Exciting news to all my fellow Japanese learners out there: I have found the best new Japanese learning app out there! You all must download ...Super all-in-one app: dictionary, translation, support for learning Japanese. Mazii is the best community-built Japanese dictionary-translation-learning app, trusted by 5 million learners globally. Mazii supports WORK - LEARN in Japanese and 18+ LANGUAGES in the world! Conquering Japan with us now!Lingoda only offers classes in English, Business English, French, Spanish, and German. Lingoda’s group classes start from $76 per month for five lessons, $135 for 12, $198 for 20, and $369 for ...6 days ago · About this app. Learn Japanese anytime, anywhere! Learn less but be more effective! You can actively choose 15 to 30 minutes to learn Japanese daily with HeyJapan. Regularly for 2 to 3 months, you will see the difference! A clear daily learning path to learn essential Japanese words, kanji, basic grammar, phrases, and practice listening, speaking. December 19, 2022. Here at Coto Academy, we have been writing a series of reviews for different apps to learn Japanese. Today, we examine renshuu. Renshuu (literally meaning “practice” in Japanese), is an app started in 2020. Since it’s so new, it’s not as popular as bigger names such as Anki or Duolingo.Katakana is slowly introduced throughout the first half of HJ and kanji starts a few chapters from the end of the first app. It is sensibly incorporated into the second. The creators use this feature called Ingredients (trademarked) for sentence breakdown and recordings go into several thousands.Functions: Vocabulary, Listening, Kana. Pricing: $7.16/month or $90.03/year. A free version is available, but only for 5 study sessions. iKnow is a multi-functional Japanese app that covers the hiragana and katakana writing systems in addition to a massive bank of vocabulary words and phrases. Users can choose “Core” levels from …iPad. iPhone. Japanese is the ultimate study companion for any Japanese language learner. Japanese is comprehensive, with over 175,000 dictionary entries and 58,000 example sentences, and fits perfectly in your pocket. It comes complete with references, flashcard study tools and all you need to master the Japanese language.Here’s what you get with the Innovative Language 101 App. New Users – Try It Free: Start your 7-Day Free Trial! 7-Day Free Premium Trial for new users with easy registration sign-up and easy in-app upgrading. Existing Users – Sign In Now: Convenient Basic, Premium and Premium PLUS login and profile access for …With this feature, you can learn Japanese anywhere, anytime. • Dark mode: protect the eyes when experiencing in dim light. 「TODAI JAPANESE NEWS」- Best Japanese learning app for better reading and listening skills. * We offer 3 advanced packages with features: - Basic: $ 8.99 / 3 months. - Standard: $ 14.99 / 1 year.6. Mondly. Mondly is an app that can teach you up to 41 different languages, including variants, such as British and American English, and the Portuguese spoken in either Portugal or Brazil. It may not be as well known as DuoLingo, but many consider Mondly to be one of the best language learning …iPhone. Android. Web (Premium subscription) 2. The Flashcard Fiend: Anki. One of the best flashcard apps. Anki allows you to import kanji and vocabulary “decks” from ….